WHY A SHIP IS CALLED A “SHE “
A ship is
called a “she” because
·
There
is a great deal of bustle about her
·
There
is always a gang of men around
·
It’s
not the initial expense that breaks you,it’s the upkeep.
·
She’s
all decked out
·
She
has a waist and stays
·
She
takes a lot of paints to keep her looking good
·
It
takes a good man to handle her right;
·
She
shows her topsides,hides her bottom and when coming into port she always heads
for the buoys
UNIT 1 :HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE
I.Quantifiers
Amount
|
Countables
|
uncountables
|
A total amount
|
All
|
|
An almost total amount
|
Most
|
most
|
A large amount
|
Many
a lot of a large number of |
Much
a lot of a large amount of |
A small amount
|
Some;several;a few
|
Some;a little
|
A very small amount
|
Few
|
Little
|
Zero amount
|
No;none
|
No;none
|
e.g : All
liners carry passenger or cargo.
Some cargo is carried on deck.
No and None
are used as follows :
No tankers casn carry passengers.None shoul discharge oil into the sea
There is a positeive /negative contrast between “a
little “ and “little “ and between”a few “ and “few”
There was a little time before the ship sailed .so he stayed ashore longer.
There was little time before the ship sailed ,so he went on board immediately.
A few people were sitting on deck ,because the wind was cold .
II .Logical connectives (I)
Passengers liners carry passengers and
cargo (a general purpose link between suggest at the same time ‘).
Cargo liner are designed to carry containers or conventional cargo (an alternative link) .
Merchant ships are classified by type and trade ,but warships are classsified by type and size (contrast or
addtition of something unexpected )
1.Join the
following sentences using and .or .but ,as appropriate :
(a) A cadet can train as a Deck Officer .A cadet can train as an Engineer
Officer
à A
cader can train as Deck officer and Engineer Officer
(b) The ship was old .The ship was in good condition
à
(c ) Passeger
liners carry passengers .Passenger liner carry some cargo .
à
(d)Tankers usually operate as specialized vessels .Tankers sometimes operate as
tramps .
à
(e)Merchant ships are designed to carry liquid cargo.Merchant ships are
designed to carry dry cargo .
à
(f)Warships are designed for speed .Warships are designed for manoeuvrability.
à
III Logical connectives (II)
Some connectives
express an addition.In a single sentence this can be done in one of the
following ways
e.g .Some ferries carry both
passengers and cars.
e.g.Some ferries carry not only
passenger but also cars .
e.g .Some ferries carry passengers as
well as cars .
In two
sentences we use also ,in
additon ,besides,moreover,furthermore to indicate addition .
e.g.A ship called a “she” because there is a great deal of bustle about her .Besides
,there is always a gang of men around her .
2.Rewrite
these sentences using the above pairs of connecting words as approprite in as
many ways as possible ,but keeping the original meaning
(a) He failed the practical exam and the written exam.
à he
failed both the practical exam and the written exam .
(b) the crew sace the ship and the cargo .
à
(c )Some ferries carry passengers and vehicles
à
(d) Harbour vessels operate in harbours and ports
à
Other
connectives grouped around but are used to express comparision ,contrast or concession .
1.Comparision is indicated by while ,whereas or
whist .
e.g. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulkers while liquid bulk cargo is carried in
tankers .
2.Contrast is given by however,yet
.
e.g. the superstructure varies according to the type of ship,however .all ships
have a brigdge .
3.Concession(or exception) is expressed by though
.although.even though followed by a clause or despire ,in spite of follow by a noun
e.g. Although tankers sail on fixed routes ,they do not carry passengers .
4.Other expressions used to express the same ideas are :
-on the one hand ……..,on the other ….
-for one thing ………….,for another……
-on the contrary,in contrast (to) ,unlike ,otherwise
-nevertheless,nonethelsess
e.g. Freighters usually carry general cargo .Nervertheless , a few can carry
passengers .
III .Rewrite
the sentences using the above connecting words as appropriate in many ways as possible ,but keeping the
original meaning .
(a ) passenger liners carry passenger .Some carry a large amount of cargo as
well
(b)Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo .OBO(oil bulk
oil) ships are designed to carry both
(c) multi-deck vessels ussually carry general cargo .Some carry containers as
well
HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE
Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo .Some are also designed to carry
passengers .Nowadays most merchant ships are designed to carry cargo , but a
few still carry passengers .Merchant ships can operate in the following three basic three ways .
They can operate as liners.Liners are
employed on regular routes on a fixed timtetable .A list of their arrival and
departture dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not
.Lines can be classed as deep-sea liners or short-sea liners.The former carry
mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world ;the latter cary
containeized or conventional cargo on shoreter routers .Ferries are allso
classed as liners. These offer a daily
or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seas
.A few ships are still employed as passenger liners.They not only carry passengers but also some carogo on routes from Europe to North America and the Far
East . Nowadays the passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually
operate as cruise ships for part of the year.
Merchant ships also operate as tramps .These vessels do not sail o regular routes or keep to
a fixed timetable but are employed where there is cargo for them
to carry .Tramps can be classed as deep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps .A
number are classed as coasters .These only
on coaslal routes and up rivers to inland ports .The traditional tramp
cargos are dry bulk cargo ,but some are designed to carry general cargoes .
A large number or merchant ships operate as
specialized ships .They are designed to carry a particular type of cargo .There
are several types of specialized vessel .The most common are oild tankers . They
are owned by the major oil companies or
by independent operators .Two other types of liquid bulk carrier
of growing importance anre chemical carries and
liquefied natural gas (LNG) or petroleum (LPG) carriers
Không có nhận xét nào:
Đăng nhận xét