Thứ Sáu, 18 tháng 4, 2014

Lesson 1 :HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE

WHY A SHIP IS CALLED A “SHE “
A ship is called a “she” because
·         There is a great deal of bustle about her
·         There is always a gang of men around
·         It’s not the initial expense that breaks you,it’s the upkeep.
·         She’s all decked out
·         She has a waist and stays
·         She takes a lot of paints to keep her looking good
·         It takes a good man to handle her right;
·         She shows her topsides,hides her bottom and when coming into port she always heads for the buoys
UNIT 1 :HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE 


I.Quantifiers

Amount
Countables
uncountables
A total amount
All

An almost total amount
Most
most
A large amount
Many
a lot of
a large number of
Much
a lot of
a large amount of
A small amount
Some;several;a few
Some;a little
A very small amount
Few
Little
Zero amount
No;none
No;none

e.g : All liners carry passenger or cargo.

         Some cargo is carried on deck.

No and None are used as follows :

No tankers casn carry passengers.None shoul discharge oil into the sea

There is  a positeive /negative contrast between “a little “ and “little “ and between”a few “ and “few”

There was a little time before the ship sailed .so he stayed ashore longer.
There was little time before the ship sailed ,so he went on board immediately.
A few people were sitting on deck ,because the wind was cold .

II .Logical connectives (I)

Passengers liners carry passengers and cargo (a general purpose link between suggest at the same time ‘).
Cargo liner are designed to carry containers or conventional cargo (an alternative  link) .
Merchant ships are classified by type and trade ,but warships are classsified by type and size (contrast or addtition of something unexpected )

1.Join the following sentences using and .or .but ,as appropriate :

(a) A cadet can train as a Deck Officer .A cadet can train as an Engineer Officer 
à A cader can train as Deck officer and Engineer Officer 
(b) The ship was old .The ship was in good condition 
à

(c ) Passeger liners carry passengers .Passenger liner carry some cargo .

à
(d)Tankers usually operate as specialized vessels .Tankers sometimes operate as tramps .
à
(e)Merchant ships are designed to carry liquid cargo.Merchant ships are designed to carry dry cargo .
à
(f)Warships are designed for speed .Warships are designed for manoeuvrability.
à

III Logical connectives (II)

Some connectives express an addition.In a single sentence this can be done in one of the following ways 
e.g .Some ferries carry both passengers and cars.
e.g.Some ferries carry not only passenger but also cars .
e.g .Some ferries carry passengers as well as cars .

In two sentences we use also ,in additon ,besides,moreover,furthermore to indicate addition .

e.g.A ship called a “she” because there is a great deal of bustle about her .Besides ,there is always a gang of men around her .

2.Rewrite these sentences using the above pairs of connecting words as approprite in as many ways as possible ,but keeping the original meaning

(a) He failed the practical exam and the written exam.
à he failed both the practical exam and the written exam .
(b) the crew sace the ship and the cargo .
à
(c )Some ferries carry passengers and vehicles 
à
(d) Harbour vessels operate in harbours and ports 
à

Other connectives grouped around but are used to express comparision ,contrast or concession .
1.Comparision is indicated by while ,whereas or whist .
e.g. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulkers while liquid bulk cargo is carried in tankers .


2.Contrast is given by however,yet .
e.g. the superstructure varies according to the type of ship,however .all ships have a brigdge .



3.Concession(or exception) is expressed by though .although.even though followed by a clause or despire ,in spite of follow by a noun
e.g. Although tankers sail on fixed routes ,they do not carry passengers .



4.Other expressions used to express the same ideas are : 
-on the one hand ……..,on the other ….
-for one thing ………….,for another……
-on the contrary,in contrast (to) ,unlike ,otherwise
-nevertheless,nonethelsess
e.g. Freighters usually carry general cargo .Nervertheless , a few can carry passengers .

III .Rewrite the sentences using the above connecting words as appropriate in  many ways as possible ,but keeping the original meaning .

(a ) passenger liners carry passenger .Some carry a large amount of cargo as well
(b)Cargo ships are usually designed to carry dry or liquid cargo .OBO(oil bulk oil) ships are designed to carry both
(c) multi-deck vessels ussually carry general cargo .Some carry containers as well

HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE 
   Merchant ships are designed to carry  cargo .Some are also designed to carry passengers .Nowadays most merchant ships are designed to carry cargo , but a few still carry passengers .Merchant ships can  operate  in the following three basic three ways .

  They can operate as liners.Liners are employed on regular routes on a fixed timtetable .A list of their arrival and departture dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not .Lines can be classed as deep-sea liners or short-sea liners.The former carry mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world ;the latter cary containeized or conventional cargo on shoreter routers .Ferries are allso classed as liners.   These offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seas .A few ships are still employed as passenger liners.They not only carry  passengers but also some carogo   on   routes    from Europe to North America and the Far East . Nowadays the passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually operate as cruise ships for part of the year.
  Merchant  ships  also  operate as tramps .These  vessels do not  sail  o  regular routes or  keep  to  a  fixed timetable  but are employed where there is cargo for them to carry .Tramps can be  classed  as       deep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps .A number are classed as coasters .These only  on coaslal routes and up rivers to inland ports .The traditional tramp cargos are dry bulk cargo ,but some are designed to carry general cargoes .

  A large number or merchant ships operate as specialized ships .They are designed to carry a particular type of cargo .There are several types of specialized vessel .The most common are oild tankers . They are  owned by the major oil companies or by independent operators .Two other types of liquid bulk   carrier   of   growing importance anre chemical carries and liquefied natural gas (LNG) or petroleum (LPG) carriers

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